Monochloroacetic Acid (MCAA) – Properties and Industrial Synthesis
Time of issue:
2026-08-06
Technical data on solid Monochloroacetic Acid (MCAA, ≥99%, UN1751). Detailed overview of its role in CMC etherification, 2,4-D synthesis, and betaine production.
Monochloroacetic acid (MCAA, ClCH2CO2H) functions as a highly reactive alkylating agent in commercial organic synthesis, characterized by a reactive alpha-chlorine atom and a carboxylic group.
Supplied as a solid crystalline product, MCAA maintains a strict assay of ≥99.0%. For chemical processors, utilizing high-purity MCAA is non-negotiable to suppress side reactions, maximize target yields, and maintain consistent batch quality.
Critical Industrial Synthesis Pathways
- Etherification of Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC)
The production of CMC accounts for the largest consumption of MCAA.
In alkaline environments, MCAA is neutralized to sodium monochloroacetate (SMCA), which subsequently reacts with the hydroxyl groups of alkali cellulose.
Chemical imperative: Controlling Dichloroacetic Acid (DCAA) impurities via ≥99% purity is critical. DCAA hydrolyzes in alkaline conditions to form sodium glyoxylate and sodium oxalate.
These specific by-products can trigger unwanted cross-linking, resulting in insoluble gels and discoloration in high-grade CMC used for oil drilling fluids and battery binders.
- Synthesis of Agrochemicals
MCAA is the primary precursor for phenoxy herbicides. The condensation of MCAA with 2,4-dichlorophenol yields 2,4-D, while its reaction with 4-chloro-o-cresol produces MCPA.
In addition, MCAA is aminated in the glycine route to produce the intermediate required for Glyphosate synthesis. High purity ensures an impurity profile that meets stringent pesticide registration standards (e.g., FAO/WHO specifications).
- Amphoteric Surfactants (Betaines)
In the specialty surfactant sector, MCAA (via SMCA) is used to quaternize tertiary amines—such as cocamidopropyl dimethylamine—yielding betaine-class surfactants like CAPB.
It is also the standard starting material for thioglycolic acid production.
Hazard Data and Logistics Specifications
MCAA requires rigorous engineering controls due to its combined toxic and corrosive profile.
- Physical State: White crystalline solid (Hygroscopic and deliquescent).
- Assay: ≥99.0%.
- Hazard Class: Class 6.1 (Toxic) with subsidiary Class 8 (Corrosive).
- UN Number: UN 1751 (Specific to Chloroacetic acid, solid).
- Packing Group: PG II.
To counteract its severe deliquescence, material is shipped in specialized multi-layer moisture-barrier packaging. Transport operations strictly adhere to IMDG regulations for Class 6.1+8 solids, preventing caking and phase alteration during transit.
Keyword:
Monochloroacetic Acid,MCAA,UN1751
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